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Abies lasiocarpa

A western Canada native plant of higher elevations. A relatively slow grower. Wild collected trees from high elevations are frequently stunted and work well in rock gardens.

Abies lasiocarpa

A western Canada native plant of higher elevations. A relatively slow grower. Wild collected trees from high elevations are frequently stunted and work well in rock gardens.

Abies lasiocarpa

A western Canada native plant of higher elevations. A relatively slow grower. Wild collected trees from high elevations are frequently stunted and work well in rock gardens.

Abies lasiocarpa

A western Canada native plant of higher elevations. A relatively slow grower. Wild collected trees from high elevations are frequently stunted and work well in rock gardens.

Abies lasiocarpa 'Green Globe'

A dwarf cultivar, has dark green needles and has a spherical-like habit. It becomes more cone-shaped as it matures. It has dense foliage on tiered, horizontal branches. Prefers acidic soil and cooler climate.

Aster alpinus var. albus

Alpine Aster is an early-blooming species. Plants form a low clump of bright green leaves. Branching stems of single daisy-shaped, yellow-eyed flowers appear in late spring and early summer. Will self-seed.

Campania - Williamsburg Pineapple Fountain

Campania - Williamsburg Pineapple Two Tier Fountain

Campania - Williamsburg Pineapple Two Tier Fountain in Basin

Christmas Greens - Alpine Huck

Beautiful reddish stems that are great for Christmas decorating in arrangements, containers, or wreaths!

Christmas Greens - Austrian Pine Cone

Pine Cones are a great way to give added interest to wreaths, porch pots, arrangements and crafts of all kinds.

Christmas Greens - Large Sugar Pine Cone

Pine Cones are a great way to give added interest to wreaths, porch pots, arrangements and crafts of all kinds.

Christmas Greens - Medium Sugar Pine Cone

Pine Cones are a great way to give added interest to wreaths, porch pots, arrangements and crafts of all kinds.

Christmas Greens - Ponderosa Pine Cone

Pine Cones are a great way to give added interest to wreaths, porch pots, arrangements and crafts of all kinds.

Christmas Greens - Shore Pine

Great for texture and embellishment of swags, wreaths, arrangements and mantles.

Christmas Greens Pinus strobus

Beautiful evergreen pine that is soft to the touch. Great for Christmas decorating from containers to wreaths!

Christmas Greens White Pine

Great for texture and embellishment of swags, wreaths, arrangements and mantles.

Christmas Wreath - Country w/ Alpine Huck

A mix of Christmas greens and cones. Add a bow or some favourite ornaments to finish. A great welcome for you and friends to see on the door, gate, window, or fence!

Clematis alpina 'Pamela Jackman'

Eye catching masses of nodding 1 1/2 in. deep blue flowers cover the vine in late spring. Attractive fluffy seed heads remain through fall. . Prune lightly after flowering. Deciduous vine. Full to partial sun.

Clematis alpina 'Stolwijk Gold'

Deciduous climber with golden foilage produces showy rich blue flowers in late spring followed by seed heads in summer. Prefers full sun and well-drained soils, grows well in containers. Group A

Colourful Companions 'Pineapple Express' Bulb Collection

Pineapple Express is a combination of tulips in shades of yellow and orange. These varieties are great as cut flowers when they bloom in mid-spring. Average height of about 20 inches. Plant in full to part sun. 16 bulbs per pack.

Crassula muscosa pseudolycopodiodes

Small succulent resembling the overlapping leaves of a cedar. Heat tolerant; low water use.

Erodium chamaedryoides

They are low growing plants that form compact, dense evergreen mounds of tufted, dark green foliage with scalloped edges. They provide a continuing show of solitary, saucer shaped rose-pink or white flowers with red veins. Excellent for rock gardens.

Lupinus 'Chandelier'

Cheerful spires of yellow, pea-like flowers, each with a darker standard, appear from June to July above dense clumps of mid-green leaves.

Lupinus 'My Castle'

Pea-like flowers appear on magnificent spires in summer above clumps of rich green foliage. Each small flower is a delicious shade of red, and the standard (the upper petal) is often a shade or two darker.

Lupinus 'Noble Maiden'

A robust lupin that produces densely packed spikes of creamy white flowers in mid summer, and often again in early autumn.

Lupinus polyphyllus 'Minarette'

Excellent lupine for small gardens. Minarette has a dramatic effect when planted in bold drifts with its wide range of clean colors including blues, reds, yellows, pinks and white.

Lupinus 'The Governor'

Blue, pea-like flowers with white standards that are sometimes streaked with purple, open from the base of the flower spike over several weeks from early summer and create a handsome, yet elegant effect.

Lupinus 'The Page'

Pea-like flowers appear on magnificent spires in summer above clumps of rich green foliage. Each small flower is a delicious shade of red, and the standard (the upper petal) is often a shade or two darker.

Lychnis alpina 'Snow Flurry'

Snow white flowers in great abundance on short stems rising above tidy tufts of slender leaves clustered in neat rosettes. Easy-to-grow.

Mignonette Alpine Strawberry Seeds

Mignonette is a French delicacy. Our improved cultivar of heirloom Reine de Vallee produces dainty little pointed red berries with an ambrosial woodland flavour. Mignonette strawberry forms compact perennial plants that grow in pretty leafy mounds and produce fruits the first summer from seed to enjoy all season long. These special petite berries are lovely as a border edging or in containers, or plant them in hanging pots you can pluck their exquisite little fruits as you stroll past. Full sun.

Miscanthus sinensis 'Strictus'

This variegated form of the Maiden Grass grows to 5 feet and flowers in September. It sports exotic and interesting gold bands on the foliage which create a very interesting effect.

Pineapple Finial (piped)

Pinebush Floral Snips

Pinebush Floral Snips are a handy pair of gardening scissors for floral arrangers and gardeners. Stainless stell all-purpose scissors can be used both indoor and outdoor. Black handles add a decorative toush.

Pinus aristata

A dwarf pine with irregular growth habit. Very slow growing has resin droplets on its needles. Lives longer than any other living thing on earth. Native to the American Rockies.

Pinus banksiana 'Schoodic'

Schoodic Dwarf Jack Pine is an exceptional mat-forming, ground-hugging selection with dense, short, emerald green needles.

Pinus banksiana 'Uncle Fogy'

Wildly undulating, pendulous branches give unique character. Plants bend and swoop to create a curvy living sculpture decorated with resinous winter buds. Hardy and heat tolerant.

Pinus cembra 'Blue Mound'

Tight mounded conical form with silver-blue needles, very slow growing 2-4" per year. Some record that it grows 2ft in 10 years. A rock garden gem!

Pinus cembra 'Chalet'

An upright, narrow evergreen conifer with soft, blue-green foliage. Prefers full sun in well-drained soil. 6' tall x 2.5' wide in 10 years. Hardy to -50 degrees. USDA zone 2.

Pinus cembra 'Klein'

A near perfect compact, very hardy evergreen for spatially challenged landscapes. Exceptional form is densely packed with white-striped dark green needles that produce a silvery plant.

Pinus cembra 'Silver Whispers'

A near perfect, very hardy evergreen for spatially challenged landscapes. Exceptional form is densely packed with white-striped dark green needles that produce a useful silvery plant. High contrast accent for northern landscapes. Accented with 3 inch long decorative violet-blue cones.

Pinus contorta ' Spaan's Dwarf'

Dwarf form of native shore pine. Very short dark green needles. Slow growing, upright, irregular in shape. Considered a good plant for a container, rock garden, or natural bonsai.

Pinus contorta TOP

Tight pruning is necessary to maintain the current topiary habit for this hardy conifer. Easy to grow & maintain. It is best pruned in Mid June.

Pinus contorta TOP

Tight pruning is necessary to maintain the current topiary habit for this hardy conifer. Easy to grow & maintain. It is best pruned in Mid June.

Pinus densiflora 'Golden Ghost'

Japanese Red Pine sporting long, thin needles each encircled with a gold band. From above this looks as if each shoot is made up of a red bud surrounded by green and yellow rings. A very colourful conifer that shimmers in the sun light!

Pinus densiflora 'Oculis Draconis'

This unusual selection of Japanese red pine has creamy-gold bands on their soft green needles that add year round interest. Grows about 12 inches per year.

Pinus densiflora 'Oculis Draconis'

This unusual selection of Japanese red pine has creamy-gold bands on their soft green needles that add year round interest. Grows about 12 inches per year.

Pinus flexilis 'Vanderwulf's Pyramid'

This is a columnar pine with silvery-blue, soft needles in clusters of five. It is very hardy, fastgrowing and dense. Vanderwulf pines make beautiful garden specimens in no time at all!

Pinus mugo 'Benjamin'

Classic, truly dwarf mugo pine is elegant in the rock garden. Dense upright branches are covered with uniform bunches of short green needles. Waxy white buds decorate the conifer.

Pinus mugo 'Carstens Wintergold'

Attractive, dwarf evergreen conifer with a neat, rounded growth habit and dark green, needle-like foliage. In late autumn the foliage turns bright golden-yellow which is retained throughout the winter.

Pinus mugo 'Donna's Mini'

A true miniature Mugo Pine stays tiny even when mature. Its very short, green needles are only 5/8" long, and they cover the thickly held branchlets densely, producing a very smooth overall texture.

Pinus mugo 'Jakobsen'

A true dwarf conifer, is perfect for confined spaces. natural bonsai look, branches form low spreading clumps. Grow 6-8" a year, ten year size 1.5-2 feet

Pinus mugo 'Jakobsen'

A true dwarf conifer, is perfect for confined spaces. natural bonsai look, branches form low spreading clumps.

Pinus mugo 'Misty'

A dwarf conifer, great for confined spaces due to it's narrow upright form. Densely packed needles are a dark green colour with golden-yellow bands, giving the plant a diffused, misty appearance.

Pinus mugo 'Mops'

These specimens are over 12 years old. As a true dwarf conifer they are perfect small gardens or container. Blue-grey needles during the spring and summer, turning golden in fall.

Pinus mugo 'Mops'

A true dwarf conifer, is perfect for confined spaces, with its dense, symmetrical growth and compact, rounded form. Foliage is blue-grey during the spring and summer, turning golgolden during cooler months.

Pinus mugo 'Mops'

These specimens are over 12 years old. As a true dwarf conifer they are perfect small gardens or container. Blue-grey needles during the spring and summer, turning golden in fall.

Pinus mugo 'Mops'

A true dwarf conifer, is perfect for confined spaces, with its dense, symmetrical growth and compact, rounded form. Foliage is blue-grey during the spring and summer, turning golgolden during cooler months.

Pinus mugo 'Mops'

A true dwarf conifer, is perfect for confined spaces, with its dense, symmetrical growth and compact, rounded form. Foliage is blue-grey during the spring and summer, turning golgolden during cooler months.

Pinus mugo pumilio

A very dwarf and compact shrub that forms a globular mound form. Very suitable for a rock garden or planters. Control size with pruning.

Pinus mugo pumilio

A very dwarf and compact shrub that forms a globular mound form. Very suitable for a rock garden or planters. Control size with pruning.

Pinus mugo 'Pumilio'

A very dwarf and compact shrub that forms a globular mound form. Very suitable for a rock garden or planters. Control size with pruning.

Pinus mugo 'Pumilio'

A popular dwarf conifer displaying dark green needles on dense branches. Useful slow growing evergreen for rock gardens, mass plantings and in groupings with broadleaf plants.

Pinus mugo 'Pumilio'

A popular dwarf conifer displaying dark green needles on dense branches. Useful slow growing evergreen for rock gardens, mass plantings and in groupings with broadleaf plants.

Pinus mugo pumilio STD

A very dwarf and compact shrub that forms a globular mound form. Very suitable for a rock garden or planters. Control size with pruning. Trained into a standard form.

Pinus nigra 'Arnold Sentinel'

An attractive columnar shaped tree with bluish green needles. This vertical growing tree is ideal for small spaces while young.

Pinus nigra 'Frank'

A slow-growing, compact narrow conifer with short rich-green needles. A wonderful, vertical exclamation point for the small garden. Prefers full sun in well-drained soil. 4' tall x 1.5' wide in 10 years.

Pinus nigra Gaelle Bregeon

Dwarf rounded shrub. Dense, compact branching with rich green needles.

Pinus nigra 'Green Select'

An evergreen conifer selected for it dense, deep green needles and slower, more compact growth.

Pinus nigra 'Green Select'

An evergreen conifer selected for it dense, deep green needles and slower, more compact growth.

Pinus nigra 'Hornbrookiana'

This unique dwarf conifer is weel suited to small garden borders, planters or as bonsai specimens. Dense, rounded form. Rich green foliage.

Pinus nigra 'Pierrick Bregeon'

A dwarf conifer with slow growth. Needles are 3 inches in length when plants are young shortening to 2 inches as plant matures. Can be grafted as a standard for tree form.

Pinus nigra Topiary Specimen

Tight pruning is necessary to maintain the current topiary habit for this hardy conifer. Easy to grow & maintain. It is best pruned in Mid June.

Pinus parviflora 'Ara Kawa'

Dwarf, shrub like tree. Dense, irregular branching with grey-blue needles. Perfect for bonsai.

Pinus parviflora 'Cuddles'

A dwarf bun form with short twisted green to bluish-green needles.

Pinus parviflora 'Fukuzumi'

Windswept look of this pine make it highly desirable in the landscape. Multiple leaders at 45 degree angles with short blue-green twisted needles. Wide spreading.

Pinus parviflora 'Fukuzumi'

Windswept look of this pine make it highly desirable in the landscape. Multiple leaders at 45 degree angles with short blue-green twisted needles. Wide spreading.

Pinus parviflora 'Glauca'

Open, broad pyramidal form with attractive twisted bluish-green to gray needles. Beautiful landscape specimen. Widely used as bonsai or container plant. Conical pyramid shape when young.

Pinus parviflora 'Glauca'

A pyramidal conifer grown for its bluish needles and twisted branches. Freely produces cones, which persist for a long time. Great as a specimen tree, and gives an established feel to a garden.

Pinus parviflora 'Glauca'

A pyramidal conifer grown for its bluish needles and twisted branches. Freely produces cones, which persist for a long time. Great as a specimen tree, and gives an established feel to a garden.

Pinus parviflora 'Glauca'

A pyramidal conifer grown for its bluish needles and twisted branches. Freely produces cones, which persist for a long time. Great as a specimen tree, and gives an established feel to a garden.

Pinus parviflora 'Kokonoe'

Small to moderate sized White Japanese Pine tree with blue-green needles. Very cold hardy.

Pinus parviflora 'Negishi'

Slow growing. Pyramidal form with slightly twisted green needles with silvery undersides.

Pinus parviflora 'Ogon janome'

An incredibly beautiful plant, this rare, mid-size, "Dragon's Eye" form of Japanese White Pine exhibits tasteful variegation, like yellow bands on the needles.

Pinus strobus 'Blue Shag'

Light bluish-green foliage is carried on a small to medium sized evergreen conifer with a lovely rounded to broad rounded habit.

Pinus strobus 'Blue Shag'

Light bluish-green foliage is carried on a small to medium sized evergreen conifer with a lovely rounded to broad rounded habit.

Pinus strobus 'Horsford Dwarf'

Very dwarf & very slow, this neat bun-shaped plant has diminutive, very fine, blue green needles; a gem for rock garden or conifer bed. Great habit, keep old needles cleaned out of centre. Slower growth.

Pinus strobus 'Kruger's Liliput'

Dwarf evergreen conifer with a flattened-globose form. Short dark-green needles have silvery undersides. A perfect gem for the rock garden. Prefers full sun in well-drained soil. 1.5' tall x 1.5' wide in 10 yrs

Pinus strobus 'Louie'

Medium green by summer and a soft wispy golden yellow in winter 'Louie' is sought after for winter interest. Good drainage is a must.

Pinus strobus 'Macopin'

Extremely useful, fast growing pine perfect for windbreaks and tall screens. Pyramidal form with strong horizontal branches holding attractive blue-green needles. Evergreen.

Pinus strobus 'Nana'

Beautiful long-needled pine with tighly set silvery blue-green needles. This compact dwarf is excellent in borders, rockeries, planters. Bushy irregularly branched habit. Evergreen.

Pinus strobus 'Pendula'

This is a weeping form of the species of Eastern White Pine. Trained, it makes a beautiful garden specimen. Soft, long, blue needles add texture & charm to your flower beds or planters.

Pinus strobus 'Pendula'

This is a weeping form of the species of Eastern White Pine. Trained, it makes a beautiful garden specimen. Soft, long, blue needles add texture & charm to your flower beds or planters.

Pinus sylvestris 'Beacon Hill'

A dwarf cultivar forming a compact globular plant with long sea green needles densely arranged on the branches.

Pinus sylvestris 'French Blue'

A widely planted evergreen with deep blue foliage that retains its color well in winter.

Pinus sylvestris 'Glauca Nana'

A dwarf compact globe with stiff, blue-green needles. Useful rounded form with rich blue-green needles on dense, horizontal branches. Attractive reddish bark. Good shrub accent, foundation planting.

Pinus sylvestris 'Gold Coin'

A golden dwarf form of the "Scots Pine". The thick needles are an intense bright golden colour in winter, lighter yellow in summer. Grows approx 2M in 10 years.

Pinus sylvestris 'Hillside Creeper'

Light green, twisted needles in bundles of 2 turn an attractive yellowish green in winter.

Pinus sylvestris 'Kelpie'

A miniature Scot's Pine with a round form. Short needles are deep green, and numerous orange-brown buds cover the dwarf plant. Perfect for the rock or trough garden. Ideal for bonsai work.

Pinus sylvestris Pom Pom

Tight pruning is necessary to maintain the current topiary habit for this hardy conifer. Easy to grow & maintain. It is best pruned in Mid June.

Pinus sylvestris Pom Pom

Tight pruning is necessary to maintain the current topiary habit for this hardy conifer. Easy to grow & maintain. It is best pruned in Mid June.

Pinus sylvestris Topiary

A widely planted evergreen with deep blue foliage that retains its color well in winter. Tight pruning is necessary to maintain the current topiary habit.It is best pruned in Mid June.

Pinus sylvestris 'Watereii' Topiary

This is a nice small pine for residential of other small spaces. It makes a great specimen. Clustered needles are steel blue. Dense, compact form. Twisted needles. Topiary form.

Pinus sylvestris 'Wolting's Gold'

A lovely golden yellow dwarf conifer. Fits well in a dwarf conifer garden. It is easy to tell Wolting’s Gold apart from other Scotch Pines as it is one of the brightest and most distinct trees.

Pinus sylvestris 'Wolting's Gold'

A lovely golden yellow dwarf conifer. Fits well in a dwarf conifer garden. It is easy to tell Wolting’s Gold apart from other Scotch Pines as it is one of the brightest and most distinct trees.

Pinus thunbergii 'Banshosho'

Noted for its whitish terminal buds that provide interesting contrast with its dark green foliage. In optimum growing conditions, this tree will grow in a generally conical form.

Pinus thunbergii 'Maijima'

Noted for its whitish terminal buds that provide interesting contrast with its long needled dark green foliage. In optimum growing conditions, this tree will grow in a generally conical form.

Pinus thunbergii 'Thunderhead'

This superb pine is a shrubby, compact form. Irregular growth gives it lots of character. Great in Asian gardens. Wonderful dark green foliage.

Pinus thunbergii 'Thunderhead'

An eye-catching Japanese Black Pine that may grow as wide as it is tall, it has brilliant white candles that contrast well with its dark green needles. Forms a billowy, cloud-like shape!

Pinus thunbergii 'Thunderhead'

An eye-catching Japanese Black Pine that may grow as wide as it is tall, it has brilliant white candles that contrast well with its dark green needles. Forms a billowy, cloud-like shape!

Pinus thunbergii 'Thunderhead'

An eye-catching Japanese Black Pine that may grow as wide as it is tall, it has brilliant white candles that contrast well with its dark green needles. Forms a billowy, cloud-like shape!

Pinus thunbergii Topiary

An eye-catching Japanese Black Pine that may grow as wide as it is tall, it has brilliant white candles that contrast well with its dark green needles. Drought tolerant. Pruned into topiary form.

Pinus thunbergii 'Yatsubusa'

This variety has beautiful, bright green needles, with stiff white candles all winter long. Slow growing & compact. Excellent specimen. Dwarf, spreading, mounding shrub-like tree.

Pinus thunbergii 'Yatsubusa'

This variety has beautiful, bright green needles, with stiff white candles all winter long. Slow growing & compact. Excellent specimen. Dwarf, spreading, mounding shrub-like tree.

Pinus uncinata 'Braska'

A Czech selection, it forms a small bun that grows about 2" a year, needles are short and it cones freely at a young age.

Pinus virginiana 'Wate's Golden'

Irregular, slow growing, noted for its outstanding golden foliage in winter. Leaves are a bright green in summer. Plant likes to look wind swept. Very nice pine to sculpture. In 10yrs 10 ft. x 8 ft.

Podocarpus 'Country Park Fire'

An interesting conifer with an irregular and explosive shape. The pretty creamy salmon pink new growth turns a rusty red colour in winter. It is ideal for borders and rock gardens.

Podocarpus 'Kilworth Cream'

A small global shaped plant. This little conifer is creamy-white all year round especially in the winter, tending to turn slightly pink in the spring. Ideal for borders and rock gardens.

Podocarpus 'Kilworth Cream'

A small global shaped plant. This little conifer is creamy-white all year round especially in the winter, tending to turn slightly pink in the spring. Ideal for borders and rock gardens.

Podocarpus lawrencii 'Purple King'

Finely textured blue-green summer foliage takes on a striking, purplish bronze cast as temperatures decline in winter, lending superb year-round color to the garden. Ideally used as a tall groundcover.

Rhododendron 'Cilpinense'

Pink & white flowers are accented by dark green foliage. A most lovely early bloomer. Flowers last longer if planted in a sheltered spot.

Ribes alpinum

Alpine Currant has green foliage throughout the season. The lobed leaves turn yellow in fall. The flowers are not ornamentally significant. It produces red berries from late spring to early summer

Salix nakamurana yezoalpina

From Hokkaido Island (Japanese). Unusual 2-3 inch light green, nearly round leaves open in Spring with silvery velvet hairs, followed by 2-inch upright silvery-white catkins. Makes a natural Bonsai.

Saponaria ‘Bressingham’

A little gem for the rock garden. It forms a low cushion or carpet of grassy green leaves, studded with large rose-pink flowers in late spring.

Saponaria ocymoides rubra compacta

This dainty rock garden plant produces clouds of tiny pink to crimson blooms in early and late summer. Does not perform well in hot, humid locations.

Saponaria officinalis 'Rosea Plena'

With a scent four times stronger than the scent of a rose, and delicate pink flowers all summer through to autumn this Saponaria has become one of our most popular plants as the flowers fill your garden and your home with fragrance.

Sciadopitys verticillata

A truly unique tree which grows very slowly & is rare in cultivation. Long green needles. 8-12cm cones. Great ornamental trees. Disease and insect free. Likes rich organic well drained soil. Protect from wind.

Sciadopitys verticillata

A truly unique tree which grows very slowly & is rare in cultivation. Long green needles. 8-12cm cones. Great ornamental trees. Disease and insect free. Likes rich organic well drained soil. Protect from wind.

Sciadopitys verticillata

A truly unique tree which grows very slowly & is rare in cultivation. Long green needles. 8-12cm cones. Great ornamental trees. Disease and insect free. Likes rich organic well drained soil. Protect from wind.

Sciadopitys verticillata

A truly unique tree which grows very slowly & is rare in cultivation. Long green needles. 8-12cm cones. Great ornamental trees. Disease and insect free. Likes rich organic well drained soil. Protect from wind.

Sciadopitys verticillata 'Mitsch Select'

This dense, slow-growing selection of Japanese Umbrella Pine has a definite leader when young, but broadens with age. Short, dark-green needles and a compact stature distinguish the beautiful cultivar.

Sciadopitys verticillata 'Picola'

Dense, compact and slower growing. Shorter, thinner needles on short shoots account for an overall bushy habit that becomes broadly upright with age. Of all the dwarf types it maintains the darkest green, resulting in a very rich look.

Sciadopitys verticillata 'Sternschnuppe'

Straight as an arrow with strictly upward growing branches. Its succulent green needles are thicker and twice as broad.

Stachys monieri 'Hummelo'

This is a clump-forming perennial, forming a low mound of crispy green foliage. In early summer the upright spikes of bright-purple flowers appear, which attract bees to the nectar.

Thymes Frasier Fir Pinecone Lantern

The Frasier Fir Pinecone Lantern is a  unique pinecone-shaped metal lantern that fits over a Frasier Fir Votive Candle in glass. When lit, it sheds a warm, peaceful glow that looks lovely on an entryway table or as a cozy winter window display.

Vaccinium moupinense

A broad leaved evergreen with bright green leaves with bronze colored new growth. Spring blooming flowers are red followed with black fruit in fall. Fall foliage is dark red.